Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Screening of a quinonoid compounds library identifies decylubiquinone as an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis via CD39/CD73/adenosine axis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Roles of A 2b R in ADO-mediated activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in primary BMSCs. ( A ) Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq data from primary BMSCs treated with Dex or Dex + ADO. ( B ) The volcano plot presented the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as determined by RNA-Seq in primary BMSCs treated with Dex or Dex + ADO. ( C ) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis in the biological process category for DEGs as determined by RNA-Seq in primary BMSCs treated with Dex, or Dex + ADO. ( D ) The molecular docking of ADO with mus musculus A 1 R, A 2a R, A 2b R, and A 3 R proteins. ADO is displayed in Cyan. The surrounding residues in the binding pocket are shown in green (forming a non-hydrogen bond with ADO) or magenta (forming a hydrogen bond with ADO). The hydrogen bond is labeled as yellow dashed lines. The backbone of the receptor is depicted as gray. ( E ) RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels of Adora1 , Adora2a , Adora2b , and Adora3 in primary BMSCs treated with vehicle, Dex, or Dex + ADO. ( F ) RT-qPCR analysis for the expression of Runx2 in primary BMSCs of different groups. (G) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) plot showing the differentially expressed pathway (cAMP) between the Dex group and the Dex + ADO group as indicated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. ( H ) Western blot validation for the knockdown deficiency of A 2b R after transfection with si Adora2b . ( I ) ELISA analysis for the relative intracellular cAMP levels in BMSCs of different groups. ( J ) Western blot and quantification for the expression of PKA, p-PKA, CREB, and p-CREB in primary BMSCs. ( K ) Representative images and quantitative analysis of Alizarin Red S staining for mineralization deposit in primary BMSCs of different groups under osteogenic conditions. n = 4 independent repeats by using different biological samples in each group for in vitro experiments. Data were means ± s.e.m. ns p > 0.05, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. Scale bar: 200 μm (K).

Article Snippet: The intracellular cAMP level was examined by using a cAMP ELISA Kit (E-EL-0056, Elabscience, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Activation Assay, RNA Sequencing, Binding Assay, Labeling, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Biomarker Discovery, Knockdown, Transfection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, In Vitro

Journal: Materials Futures

Article Title: A clinically defined and xeno-free hydrogel system for regenerative medicine

doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ae4e4d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Substrate characterisation in 2D and 3D cell culture—biological responses and physical properties with different compositions. (a) hPSC confluence in 2D growth factor-reduced Matrigel (Geltrex), laminin 521, fibrin-laminin hydrogel, and fibrin gel after 4 d; scale bar = 100 μ m. (b) hPSCs cultured in 3D hydrogels. Top panel: fibrin (5 mg ml −1 ) gel. Bottom panel: Alphagel containing structures resembling pluripotent spheroids; scale bar = 200 μ m. Scanning electron microscopy of (c) fibrin gel and (d) Alphagel; scale bar = 1 μ m, magnification 20 K X, iProbe = 13 pA, 2.00 kV, Working Distancee = 4.4 mm for both images. (e) Young’s moduli in hydrogels with varying fibrin and laminin concentrations. One-way ANOVA; ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, and **** = p < 0.0001. (f) Cell viability of hPSCs cultured in Alphagel, fibrin-only hydrogels, and 2D standard substrates. Mean ± sandard error of the mean displayed. t -test; * = p < 0.05. (g) ELISA of laminin 521 in culture media used with acellular Alphagel and (h) the calculated amount of fibrin-bound laminin.

Article Snippet: Apolipoprotein B (APOB) secretion in the supernatant was quantified using the human APOB ELISA quantification kit (Mabtech, no. 3715-1H-6) according to the product literature.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Electron Microscopy, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Materials Futures

Article Title: A clinically defined and xeno-free hydrogel system for regenerative medicine

doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ae4e4d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterisation of iHeps derived in Alphagel, fibrin-only hydrogels, and Matrigel. (a) Key hepatocyte markers in Alphagel-derived iHeps. ALB = albumin, HNF = hepatocyte nuclear factor, CYP2A6 = Cytochrome P450 2A6, CD147 = cluster of differentiation protein 147, and E-CAD = E-cadherin. Scale bar = 25 μ m. (b) Key hepatocyte markers by gene expression (qPCR): CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), T-box transcription factor 3= TBX3, alpha-fetoprotein = AFP. (c) Albumin secretion (ELISA) and (d) CYP3A4 activity (P450-Glo TM ) in PHHs versus iHeps cultured in various gels (day 22). HCM = Hepatocyte Culture Media (Lonza). (e) LDL uptake (red) in Alphagel-derived iHeps versus hPSCs. Scale bar = 100 μ m. (f) CDFDA secretion (green) in Alphagel-derived iHeps versus hPSCs. Top panel scale bar = 20 μ m; bottom panel scale bar = 50 μ m. One-way ANOVA was used; * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, and **** = p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Apolipoprotein B (APOB) secretion in the supernatant was quantified using the human APOB ELISA quantification kit (Mabtech, no. 3715-1H-6) according to the product literature.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Gene Expression, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Activity Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Materials Futures

Article Title: A clinically defined and xeno-free hydrogel system for regenerative medicine

doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ae4e4d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterisation of iHeps cultured in Hepatogel and its effect on cell retention after intra-hepatic cell transplantation. (a) Differentially expressed genes in iHeps: Hepatologel, Alphagel, Matrigel, and adult PHHs. (b) A heat map summarising the differential gene expression of a hepatic 24-gene panel across replicates of Matrigel, Alphagel, and Hepatogel (normalised to hPSC). (c) Albumin ELISA of culture media and (d) luciferin-based measure of CYP3A4 activity: 2 d after completion of iHep differentiation and 2 d after plating PHHs. One-way ANOVA; * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, and **** = p < 0.0001. (e) Mouse livers 3 d after intra-hepatic injection with H-iHeps in Hepatogel and 0.9% saline. Red box = area magnified. * = site of injection, dotted white lines demarcate engrafted cell mass. Scale bar = 1 mm. (f) Human albumin (stained red) in engrafted iHeps 3 d after intra-hepatic injection. Scale bar = 100 μ m. (g) H-iHeps identified by albumin staining on liver histology 3 d after intra-hepatic injection. (h) ELISA of mouse serum for human albumin after injection with H-iHeps in Hepatogel and 0.9% saline over time. Day 0 = serum levels before injection. T -test; *** = p < 0.001 and **** = p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Apolipoprotein B (APOB) secretion in the supernatant was quantified using the human APOB ELISA quantification kit (Mabtech, no. 3715-1H-6) according to the product literature.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Transplantation Assay, Gene Expression, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Activity Assay, Injection, Saline, Staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Screening of a quinonoid compounds library identifies decylubiquinone as an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis via CD39/CD73/adenosine axis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Screening of the quinonoid compounds for the treatment of GIOP. (A) Flowchart depicting the screening process of the quinonoid compounds library. The schematic diagram was created by using BioRender.com. (B) Volcano diagram showing the effects of the 153 quinonoid compounds on Runx2 expression in BMSCs. Red and blue dots indicate the specific compounds that up- and down-regulate Runx2 expression in BMSCs, respectively. (C) Heat map showing the effect of the compounds on ALP activity in primary BMSCs. Color from blue to red indicates the ALP activity in primary BMSCs from low to high. (D) Measurement of intracellular ROS level in primary BMSCs treated with three potential compounds by using the fluorescent dye DCFDA. (E) Chemical structure of DUB, the final candidate among the screened drugs. (F) MTT assay for the proliferation of BMSCs treated with different doses of DUB for 2 and 10 days, under osteogenic induction conditions with or without 10 μM Dex. (G) Representative images and quantitative analysis of mineralized nodule formation via Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining in primary BMSCs treated with DUB at a series of concentrations, under osteogenic induction conditions with or without 10 μM Dex. (H) Western blot and quantification for the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins in primary BMSCs under different treatments. (I) Oil Red O staining and quantifications for lipid droplets in primary BMSCs of different groups. n = 4 independent repeats by using different biological samples in each group for in vitro experiments. Data were means ± s.e.m. ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. Scale bars: 200 μm (G), and 50 μm (I).

Article Snippet: The intracellular cAMP level was examined by using a cAMP ELISA Kit (E-EL-0056, Elabscience, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Staining, Western Blot, In Vitro

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Screening of a quinonoid compounds library identifies decylubiquinone as an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis via CD39/CD73/adenosine axis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Roles of A 2b R in ADO-mediated activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in primary BMSCs. ( A ) Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq data from primary BMSCs treated with Dex or Dex + ADO. ( B ) The volcano plot presented the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as determined by RNA-Seq in primary BMSCs treated with Dex or Dex + ADO. ( C ) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis in the biological process category for DEGs as determined by RNA-Seq in primary BMSCs treated with Dex, or Dex + ADO. ( D ) The molecular docking of ADO with mus musculus A 1 R, A 2a R, A 2b R, and A 3 R proteins. ADO is displayed in Cyan. The surrounding residues in the binding pocket are shown in green (forming a non-hydrogen bond with ADO) or magenta (forming a hydrogen bond with ADO). The hydrogen bond is labeled as yellow dashed lines. The backbone of the receptor is depicted as gray. ( E ) RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels of Adora1 , Adora2a , Adora2b , and Adora3 in primary BMSCs treated with vehicle, Dex, or Dex + ADO. ( F ) RT-qPCR analysis for the expression of Runx2 in primary BMSCs of different groups. (G) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) plot showing the differentially expressed pathway (cAMP) between the Dex group and the Dex + ADO group as indicated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. ( H ) Western blot validation for the knockdown deficiency of A 2b R after transfection with si Adora2b . ( I ) ELISA analysis for the relative intracellular cAMP levels in BMSCs of different groups. ( J ) Western blot and quantification for the expression of PKA, p-PKA, CREB, and p-CREB in primary BMSCs. ( K ) Representative images and quantitative analysis of Alizarin Red S staining for mineralization deposit in primary BMSCs of different groups under osteogenic conditions. n = 4 independent repeats by using different biological samples in each group for in vitro experiments. Data were means ± s.e.m. ns p > 0.05, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. Scale bar: 200 μm (K).

Article Snippet: The intracellular cAMP level was examined by using a cAMP ELISA Kit (E-EL-0056, Elabscience, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Activation Assay, RNA Sequencing, Binding Assay, Labeling, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Biomarker Discovery, Knockdown, Transfection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, In Vitro

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A composite hydrogel enables the spatiotemporal delivery of distinct cytokines to drive the native vascularized bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Full fabrication and application schematic diagram of GelMA-VEGF/ECM-PCSK9 composite hydrogel and the related signaling pathway of PCSK9 that promotes BMSC osteogenic differentiation.

Article Snippet: VEGF, ELISA kit for VEGF and PCSK9 were purchased from Boster company (Wuhan, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A composite hydrogel enables the spatiotemporal delivery of distinct cytokines to drive the native vascularized bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Construction and characterization of GelMA-VEGF/ECM-PCSK9 composite hydrogel. A Schematic diagram showing the process of composite hydrogel construction; B) Photographs of GelMA-VEGF hydrogel and GelMA-VEGF/ECM-PCSK9 hydrogel formation after UV light respectively; C i) Electron microscopic image of pure GelMA hydrogel, with a scale of 100 μm; ii) Enlarged electron microscopic image of GelMA hydrogel, with a scale of 50 μm; D) i The electron microscope image of the combination of GelMA hydrogel and ECM, with a scale of 100 μm; ii Electron microscope magnified image of GelMA hydrogel combined with ECM, with a scale of 50 μm; E) The infrared spectrum (FITR) diagram of the acellular ECM, GelMA hydrogel and GelMA/ECM composite hydrogel contains common basic energy groups; F) Load rate of PCSK9 in ECM; G) Release rate of VEGF loaded with GelMA hydrogel and GelMA/ECM composite hydrogel respectively; H) Release rate of PCSK9 loaded with ECM and GelMA/ECM composite hydrogel respectively; I) Release rate of VEGF and PCSK9 loaded in GelMA and GelMA/ECM on different time points respectively; J) Release rate of VEGF and PCSK9 respectively when loaded in GelMA/ECM; K) The swelling rate of GelMA gel and GelMA/ECM composite gel dissolved in PBS (n = 6); L) Degradation rate of GelMA hydrogel and GelMA/ECM composite gel in vitro (n = 6).∗means that compared with the control group, p < 0.05; ∗means that compared with the control group, p < 0.01; ∗∗∗means that compared with the control group, p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: VEGF, ELISA kit for VEGF and PCSK9 were purchased from Boster company (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Microscopy, In Vitro, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A composite hydrogel enables the spatiotemporal delivery of distinct cytokines to drive the native vascularized bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Angiogenic capacity formulations of HUVECs in response to different composite biomaterial in vitro. A) Calcein/PI staining of HUVECs seeded on glass slides, showing the cell migration profiles of HUVECs treated with different material groups, scale bar = 200 μm; B) Quantitative analysis of the intercellular blank areas in each group, with the baseline group serving as the negative control; C) Angiogenic images of HUVECs co-cultured with different composite materials for 4 h and 8 h respectively, scale bar = 250 μm; D–G) Quantitative assessment of angiogenic capacity in each group via ImageJ software analysis of key angiogenic parameters. Abbreviations: NC = negative control group; V = exogenous VEGF protein-only group; GV=GelMA + exogenous VEGF protein group; GVE = GelMA + VEGF + ECM group; GVEP= GelMA/VEGF + ECM/PCSK9 group. Statistical notations: ∗∗means that compared with the control group, p < 0.01; ns = no significant difference between group.

Article Snippet: VEGF, ELISA kit for VEGF and PCSK9 were purchased from Boster company (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Staining, Migration, Negative Control, Cell Culture, Software, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A composite hydrogel enables the spatiotemporal delivery of distinct cytokines to drive the native vascularized bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.048

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of different composite hydrogel on the osteogenic differentiation of BMMSC in vitro. Cultivate BMMSC for osteogenic differentiation in osteogenic medium with GelMA, GelMA-VEGF, GelMA-VEGF/ECM, ECM-PCSK9, and GelMA-VEGF/ECM-PCSK9 for 7 days respectively. A,B) The cell nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue), RUNX2 was stained with RUNX2 antibody (green), and COL1A1 was stained with COL1A1 antibody (red), with a scale bar of 200 μm. C,D) The quantitative analysis results of COL1A1 and RUNX2 immunofluorescence images; E,F) Quantitative analysis of ALP staining and ARS staining for BMMSC co-culture with different kinds of hydrogels; G) ALP staining result for BMMSC co-culture with different kinds of hydrogels for 7days, scale bar = 200 μm; F) ARS staining result for BMMSC co-culture with different kinds of hydrogels for 14days, scale bar = 200 μm; I, J) After 7 and 14 days of co-culture with different combinations of composite hydrogels and BMMSC for osteogenesis and differentiation, the PCR experiment results of osteogenesis related indicators suggest that compared with the control group. G = simple GelMA hydrogel group, GV=GelMA hydrogels + VEGF protein group, GV/E = GelMA + VEGF/ECM group, EP = ECM + PCSK9 protein group, GVEP=GelMA + VEGF/ECM + PCSK9 protein group, the significant differences between the groups are expressed as ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ns means there is no significant difference between the groups.

Article Snippet: VEGF, ELISA kit for VEGF and PCSK9 were purchased from Boster company (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Co-Culture Assay, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A composite hydrogel enables the spatiotemporal delivery of distinct cytokines to drive the native vascularized bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.048

Figure Lengend Snippet: After adding different concentrations of PCSK9 to BMMSC for osteogenic induction, western blotting (WB) experiment was performed to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated proteins and total proteins among different osteogenic differentiation relevant signaling pathways. A) WB images of different signaling pathways that related to osteogenic differentiation after adding different concentrations of PCSK9; B-D) Quantitative analysis results of phosphorylated protein and total protein. Compared with the control group, ∗ means p < 0.05, ∗∗ means p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: VEGF, ELISA kit for VEGF and PCSK9 were purchased from Boster company (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Protein-Protein interactions, Control

Journal: Non-coding RNA Research

Article Title: CircSMAD4 shapes matrix-remodeling TAMs in lung adenocarcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2026.03.003

Figure Lengend Snippet: circSMAD4 drives tumor-educated M2-like polarization of macrophages and promotes tumor-cell aggressiveness. (A) Workflow for generating TC-hMDMs and TC-BMDMs, circSMAD4 knockdown, and downstream functional assays. (B) RT–qPCR analysis of M1-associated markers (MHC-II [HLA-DRA in TC-hMDMs; H2-Ab1 in TC-BMDMs], NOS2, and CD86) and M2-associated markers (CD163, CD206, and ARG1) in TC-hMDMs and TC-BMDMs. (C) Representative flow-cytometry histograms for HLA-DR, iNOS, CD86, CD163, CD206, and ARG1 in TC-hMDMs. Gating strategy and marker thresholds were defined based on FMO controls (see ). (D) Flow-cytometry quantification of marker-positive cells in TC-hMDMs and TC-BMDMs. (E) ELISA of IL-10, TGF-β, and iNOS in culture supernatants. (F) CCK-8 assays of A549 and LLC cells. (G) Colony-formation assays of A549 and LLC cells with quantification. (H) Bioluminescence-based growth readouts of patient-derived LUAD organoids (PDO #1 and PDO #2) after co-culture with TC-hMDMs. (I) Immunoblot analysis of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin) in A549 and LLC cells. (J) Transwell migration and invasion assays of A549 and LLC cells with quantification. Scale bar, 50 μm. ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01; ∗∗∗P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: For mouse experiments, mouse IL-10 was measured using the Mouse IL-10 ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, Cat# M1000B), and mouse TGF-β1 was measured using the Mouse TGF beta-1 ELISA Kit (Invitrogen, Cat# BMS608-4), following the manufacturers’ instructions.

Techniques: Knockdown, Functional Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, CCK-8 Assay, Derivative Assay, Co-Culture Assay, Western Blot, Migration

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing